1 00:00:07,349 --> 00:00:04,950 good morning i'm stephanie shearholds 2 00:00:08,870 --> 00:00:07,359 from nasa's office of communications we 3 00:00:11,270 --> 00:00:08,880 are here at the kennedy space center 4 00:00:13,030 --> 00:00:11,280 today to talk with senior nasa leaders 5 00:00:15,030 --> 00:00:13,040 they will share with us not only the 6 00:00:16,790 --> 00:00:15,040 significance of the fourth spacex 7 00:00:19,429 --> 00:00:16,800 commercial resupply services mission 8 00:00:22,550 --> 00:00:19,439 launching tonight but also how it fits 9 00:00:24,390 --> 00:00:22,560 in with nasa's broader exploration goals 10 00:00:27,429 --> 00:00:24,400 here to talk with us today from nasa 11 00:00:29,269 --> 00:00:27,439 headquarters are sam shimimi 12 00:00:31,589 --> 00:00:29,279 international space station division 13 00:00:33,670 --> 00:00:31,599 director for the human exploration and 14 00:00:36,790 --> 00:00:33,680 operations mission directorate 15 00:00:39,830 --> 00:00:36,800 dr jeff shihai senior technologist for 16 00:00:42,630 --> 00:00:39,840 the space technology mission directorate 17 00:00:45,029 --> 00:00:42,640 and dr ellen stofan nasa's chief 18 00:00:47,029 --> 00:00:45,039 scientist 19 00:00:48,790 --> 00:00:47,039 it's nasa's international space station 20 00:00:51,830 --> 00:00:48,800 program that brings us here today for 21 00:00:54,310 --> 00:00:51,840 this mission and sam shamimi is here to 22 00:00:56,869 --> 00:00:54,320 talk to us about how the research this 23 00:00:58,630 --> 00:00:56,879 and future missions will enable humans 24 00:00:59,830 --> 00:00:58,640 to travel farther than we have in 25 00:01:01,750 --> 00:00:59,840 decades 26 00:01:03,910 --> 00:01:01,760 this mission really shows the breadth of 27 00:01:06,230 --> 00:01:03,920 nasa's work and how all the directorates 28 00:01:08,789 --> 00:01:06,240 are working together sam can you tell us 29 00:01:09,590 --> 00:01:08,799 a little bit more about it 30 00:01:12,390 --> 00:01:09,600 sure 31 00:01:14,070 --> 00:01:12,400 be here back here in florida for the 32 00:01:16,149 --> 00:01:14,080 tonight's launch 33 00:01:18,149 --> 00:01:16,159 it's really exciting a few weeks here in 34 00:01:21,510 --> 00:01:18,159 human space flight we've had the rollout 35 00:01:23,670 --> 00:01:21,520 of the orion spacecraft for eft-1 that's 36 00:01:25,190 --> 00:01:23,680 coming up in december 37 00:01:28,149 --> 00:01:25,200 we've also had the announcement of our 38 00:01:30,469 --> 00:01:28,159 commercial crew development partners of 39 00:01:33,270 --> 00:01:30,479 spacex and boeing 40 00:01:34,950 --> 00:01:33,280 to expand our commercial utilization of 41 00:01:37,270 --> 00:01:34,960 low earth orbit and development of not 42 00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:37,280 only the the supply side but also you'll 43 00:01:39,749 --> 00:01:37,920 see 44 00:01:41,190 --> 00:01:39,759 talk a little bit later but also on the 45 00:01:42,950 --> 00:01:41,200 utilization and demand side of the 46 00:01:45,510 --> 00:01:42,960 commercialization 47 00:01:47,510 --> 00:01:45,520 and also this this launch this evening 48 00:01:50,389 --> 00:01:47,520 as stephanie was saying really 49 00:01:52,870 --> 00:01:50,399 exemplifies how space station 50 00:01:55,990 --> 00:01:52,880 role in the all the 51 00:01:57,670 --> 00:01:56,000 goals and objectives of of nasa 52 00:02:00,550 --> 00:01:57,680 first we can talk a little bit about the 53 00:02:02,709 --> 00:02:00,560 expanding the human presence in space 54 00:02:05,510 --> 00:02:02,719 beyond low earth orbit and on 55 00:02:07,109 --> 00:02:05,520 to deep space and on to mars 56 00:02:09,830 --> 00:02:07,119 that's through our human research 57 00:02:12,630 --> 00:02:09,840 program through our research in 58 00:02:14,229 --> 00:02:12,640 in with the astronauts and with our 59 00:02:16,070 --> 00:02:14,239 examples of the rodent research that 60 00:02:17,430 --> 00:02:16,080 that we're also doing on this flight 61 00:02:19,110 --> 00:02:17,440 we're also 62 00:02:21,589 --> 00:02:19,120 talking about the 63 00:02:23,830 --> 00:02:21,599 commercial development of of low earth 64 00:02:25,510 --> 00:02:23,840 orbit through also the rodent research 65 00:02:27,750 --> 00:02:25,520 through our partner with cases of 66 00:02:30,470 --> 00:02:27,760 bringing in commercial users of of the 67 00:02:32,949 --> 00:02:30,480 space station uh in in commercial 68 00:02:35,030 --> 00:02:32,959 research uh we'll also talk 69 00:02:37,509 --> 00:02:35,040 about this flight uh benefits to 70 00:02:40,470 --> 00:02:37,519 humanity how through our our partners 71 00:02:42,309 --> 00:02:40,480 with uh science mission directorate uh 72 00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:42,319 on the rapidscat 73 00:02:46,390 --> 00:02:44,720 instrument uh to measure sea winds so 74 00:02:47,589 --> 00:02:46,400 this has been a really exciting uh 75 00:02:50,630 --> 00:02:47,599 launch for us 76 00:02:53,670 --> 00:02:50,640 it even goes on beyond uh to 77 00:02:55,830 --> 00:02:53,680 our science and technology 78 00:02:58,470 --> 00:02:55,840 mission directorate 79 00:02:59,830 --> 00:02:58,480 for technology development uh for the 3d 80 00:03:00,790 --> 00:02:59,840 printer 81 00:03:02,390 --> 00:03:00,800 again 82 00:03:04,390 --> 00:03:02,400 all these 83 00:03:05,990 --> 00:03:04,400 examples of of 84 00:03:09,990 --> 00:03:06,000 of things that were flying on this 85 00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:10,000 flight uh cuts across nasa's missions uh 86 00:03:15,910 --> 00:03:13,360 from from humans to technology to 87 00:03:19,270 --> 00:03:15,920 science and as many of you may have 88 00:03:21,030 --> 00:03:19,280 heard yesterday even into astrophysics 89 00:03:23,030 --> 00:03:21,040 with the announcement by sam ting about 90 00:03:25,509 --> 00:03:23,040 discovery of new high particle energy 91 00:03:27,190 --> 00:03:25,519 physics discoveries so we have a lot 92 00:03:28,869 --> 00:03:27,200 going on in this flight and with the 93 00:03:31,190 --> 00:03:28,879 international space station these days 94 00:03:33,030 --> 00:03:31,200 we certainly do it's very exciting and 95 00:03:35,270 --> 00:03:33,040 and coming up as well i mean one of the 96 00:03:37,190 --> 00:03:35,280 things we talk about is how we're doing 97 00:03:38,789 --> 00:03:37,200 these studies for a long duration 98 00:03:41,350 --> 00:03:38,799 mission and i think that there's also a 99 00:03:42,710 --> 00:03:41,360 one-year mission coming up how does 100 00:03:44,630 --> 00:03:42,720 studying 101 00:03:46,789 --> 00:03:44,640 the long-term effects on human 102 00:03:48,789 --> 00:03:46,799 spaceflight help us prepare for getting 103 00:03:50,630 --> 00:03:48,799 farther out into the solar system well 104 00:03:51,589 --> 00:03:50,640 today we have a lot of information and 105 00:03:53,270 --> 00:03:51,599 data 106 00:03:55,589 --> 00:03:53,280 and research on 107 00:03:57,190 --> 00:03:55,599 humans in space for up to six months uh 108 00:03:58,949 --> 00:03:57,200 we don't have much 109 00:04:01,030 --> 00:03:58,959 we don't have a lot of data beyond that 110 00:04:03,589 --> 00:04:01,040 so this one year crew missions coming up 111 00:04:05,830 --> 00:04:03,599 next year will be able to tell us if our 112 00:04:08,309 --> 00:04:05,840 bone loss and muscle and muscle loss 113 00:04:11,110 --> 00:04:08,319 protocols can be actually applied to 114 00:04:12,630 --> 00:04:11,120 longer duration missions uh things like 115 00:04:14,470 --> 00:04:12,640 also the 116 00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:14,480 medical issues that we've recently 117 00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:16,720 discovered about eye health we'll see if 118 00:04:21,509 --> 00:04:19,120 those issues continue 119 00:04:23,270 --> 00:04:21,519 or they end up tapering off in longer 120 00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:23,280 duration spaceflight 121 00:04:27,430 --> 00:04:25,680 okay great thank you so much sam 122 00:04:30,070 --> 00:04:27,440 you had mentioned the 3d printer and 123 00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:30,080 that gives us a great segue to jeff 124 00:04:33,430 --> 00:04:32,000 sheehai who's our senior technologist 125 00:04:36,070 --> 00:04:33,440 for the space technology mission 126 00:04:37,830 --> 00:04:36,080 directorate which found that the 3d 127 00:04:40,469 --> 00:04:37,840 printer can you tell us a little bit 128 00:04:42,790 --> 00:04:40,479 more about that sure well the 3d printer 129 00:04:45,270 --> 00:04:42,800 is a very exciting technology yesterday 130 00:04:47,590 --> 00:04:45,280 there was a briefing that gave a lot of 131 00:04:50,150 --> 00:04:47,600 detail on the printer and what it's 132 00:04:53,110 --> 00:04:50,160 intended to do what the parameters of 133 00:04:54,230 --> 00:04:53,120 the demonstration on iss are you really 134 00:04:55,990 --> 00:04:54,240 um 135 00:04:58,629 --> 00:04:56,000 the themes you know that that you'll 136 00:05:00,710 --> 00:04:58,639 hear over and over are partnerships and 137 00:05:03,430 --> 00:05:00,720 using the iss as a demonstration 138 00:05:05,909 --> 00:05:03,440 platform and so this is a partnership 139 00:05:08,469 --> 00:05:05,919 between nasa and a company called made 140 00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:08,479 in space within nasa it's a partnership 141 00:05:13,270 --> 00:05:11,280 between the space technology mission 142 00:05:15,110 --> 00:05:13,280 directorate which i represent and the 143 00:05:17,749 --> 00:05:15,120 human exploration and operations mission 144 00:05:19,189 --> 00:05:17,759 directorate which sam represents here 145 00:05:21,749 --> 00:05:19,199 so we're proud to be part of that 146 00:05:23,430 --> 00:05:21,759 partnership this printer is really an 147 00:05:26,469 --> 00:05:23,440 american success story if you think 148 00:05:27,990 --> 00:05:26,479 about it in terms of it was a proposal 149 00:05:29,990 --> 00:05:28,000 to the small business innovative 150 00:05:32,150 --> 00:05:30,000 research fund 151 00:05:35,110 --> 00:05:32,160 got maybe a hundred thousand dollars as 152 00:05:37,110 --> 00:05:35,120 a start-off to explore the concept does 153 00:05:38,550 --> 00:05:37,120 the concept really hang together do you 154 00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:38,560 rethink 155 00:05:42,950 --> 00:05:41,360 printing things in space printing tools 156 00:05:44,150 --> 00:05:42,960 in space would work 157 00:05:46,710 --> 00:05:44,160 then 158 00:05:49,029 --> 00:05:46,720 after that success it looked like the 159 00:05:52,870 --> 00:05:49,039 concept was was sound 160 00:05:55,590 --> 00:05:52,880 phase two sbir award to 161 00:05:57,590 --> 00:05:55,600 to develop the concept further to 162 00:05:59,909 --> 00:05:57,600 try out an initial implementation of the 163 00:06:02,469 --> 00:05:59,919 concept we were able in space technology 164 00:06:05,909 --> 00:06:02,479 to use our flight opportunities program 165 00:06:08,710 --> 00:06:05,919 which pairs promising technologies with 166 00:06:11,189 --> 00:06:08,720 vendors who offer suborbital flights 167 00:06:13,430 --> 00:06:11,199 to put the printer in a space 168 00:06:16,070 --> 00:06:13,440 environment for very short durations 30 169 00:06:18,309 --> 00:06:16,080 seconds at a time but let them tweak it 170 00:06:20,150 --> 00:06:18,319 and test it and determine what 171 00:06:22,550 --> 00:06:20,160 parameters they'd have to change to make 172 00:06:23,909 --> 00:06:22,560 it work well in the space environment 173 00:06:25,430 --> 00:06:23,919 and now we've got to the point where 174 00:06:27,510 --> 00:06:25,440 we're delivering it to the dragon 175 00:06:30,070 --> 00:06:27,520 capsule we're going to take it up to the 176 00:06:32,309 --> 00:06:30,080 space station we're going to have it 177 00:06:34,790 --> 00:06:32,319 installed there and do a full 178 00:06:37,430 --> 00:06:34,800 demonstration of its capability 179 00:06:39,350 --> 00:06:37,440 to actually operate successfully in the 180 00:06:41,749 --> 00:06:39,360 microgravity environment of space so 181 00:06:44,230 --> 00:06:41,759 it's it's really from initial concept 182 00:06:46,550 --> 00:06:44,240 all the way to demonstration and it's a 183 00:06:48,230 --> 00:06:46,560 partnership like this that helps carry 184 00:06:50,790 --> 00:06:48,240 technologies across what some people 185 00:06:52,790 --> 00:06:50,800 call the valley of death that that 186 00:06:55,189 --> 00:06:52,800 sometimes stands between a promising 187 00:06:57,749 --> 00:06:55,199 technology and its infusion into 188 00:06:59,430 --> 00:06:57,759 missions like like we want to do in nasa 189 00:07:01,990 --> 00:06:59,440 or it's or it's transferred to the 190 00:07:05,029 --> 00:07:02,000 marketplace and so partnering like this 191 00:07:07,350 --> 00:07:05,039 with within nasa and with companies 192 00:07:09,909 --> 00:07:07,360 external to nasa really helps carry 193 00:07:12,710 --> 00:07:09,919 technologies along 194 00:07:14,629 --> 00:07:12,720 in the broader context space technology 195 00:07:17,189 --> 00:07:14,639 is doing a lot of things 196 00:07:19,909 --> 00:07:17,199 on international space station we have 197 00:07:21,830 --> 00:07:19,919 demonstrations inside iss 198 00:07:24,950 --> 00:07:21,840 we're planning some demonstrations 199 00:07:27,430 --> 00:07:24,960 outside iss inside iss many people are 200 00:07:28,550 --> 00:07:27,440 probably familiar with the the robonaut 201 00:07:29,510 --> 00:07:28,560 r2 202 00:07:31,189 --> 00:07:29,520 the 203 00:07:32,710 --> 00:07:31,199 humanoid robotic 204 00:07:35,430 --> 00:07:32,720 platform and 205 00:07:37,990 --> 00:07:35,440 we recently delivered legs to robonaut 206 00:07:40,550 --> 00:07:38,000 and so uh instead of just the torso with 207 00:07:43,270 --> 00:07:40,560 the arms and and the head the vision 208 00:07:45,110 --> 00:07:43,280 capability it'll also have legs and be 209 00:07:46,869 --> 00:07:45,120 able to move around the space station so 210 00:07:48,309 --> 00:07:46,879 we'll be able to start some of that 211 00:07:50,469 --> 00:07:48,319 testing to see 212 00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:50,479 how how does it move around what do we 213 00:07:54,390 --> 00:07:52,400 need to tweak how does it 214 00:07:56,790 --> 00:07:54,400 interact in the environment that's 215 00:07:59,029 --> 00:07:56,800 occupied by humans how do humans 216 00:08:01,670 --> 00:07:59,039 interact with it and what humans need to 217 00:08:03,990 --> 00:08:01,680 do to control it and so that's a really 218 00:08:06,950 --> 00:08:04,000 interesting technology uh demonstration 219 00:08:09,270 --> 00:08:06,960 we have the spheres um 220 00:08:11,589 --> 00:08:09,280 the the world will little note and long 221 00:08:13,270 --> 00:08:11,599 forget what the acronym stands for and 222 00:08:14,629 --> 00:08:13,280 uh i could think i could i could 223 00:08:16,950 --> 00:08:14,639 remember it if i thought about it for 30 224 00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:16,960 seconds but let's not uh but there's 225 00:08:21,350 --> 00:08:19,360 sphericals the roughly spherical shaped 226 00:08:23,830 --> 00:08:21,360 robotic platforms that 227 00:08:25,430 --> 00:08:23,840 that move around the station and 228 00:08:27,189 --> 00:08:25,440 they can take instrument readings they 229 00:08:29,589 --> 00:08:27,199 can take inventory they can do a variety 230 00:08:32,790 --> 00:08:29,599 of things to relieve the crew from some 231 00:08:35,350 --> 00:08:32,800 of the day-to-day burden of upkeep and 232 00:08:38,469 --> 00:08:35,360 and shopkeeping on on the space station 233 00:08:40,550 --> 00:08:38,479 so that's a demonstration we have on iss 234 00:08:43,350 --> 00:08:40,560 we've done some microgravity fluid 235 00:08:45,350 --> 00:08:43,360 experiments to understand how fluids 236 00:08:47,670 --> 00:08:45,360 behave in the microgravity environment 237 00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:47,680 that can be used for 238 00:08:52,630 --> 00:08:49,920 developing large propulsion systems that 239 00:08:54,790 --> 00:08:52,640 might sit in microgravity for weeks or 240 00:08:57,269 --> 00:08:54,800 months before we fire the engines for 241 00:09:00,070 --> 00:08:57,279 example and and of course the 3d printer 242 00:09:03,190 --> 00:09:00,080 demo is is our latest and greatest 243 00:09:07,269 --> 00:09:03,200 demo inside the iss 244 00:09:08,389 --> 00:09:07,279 outside the iss in 2016 and 2017 we plan 245 00:09:10,310 --> 00:09:08,399 to deliver 246 00:09:12,870 --> 00:09:10,320 a few demos one is something called 247 00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:12,880 sextant which i wrote it down stands for 248 00:09:18,310 --> 00:09:16,080 station explorer for x-ray timing and 249 00:09:21,030 --> 00:09:18,320 navigation what it basically does is use 250 00:09:22,949 --> 00:09:21,040 pulsars astrophysical objects are 251 00:09:26,230 --> 00:09:22,959 actually collapsed stars 252 00:09:28,630 --> 00:09:26,240 neutron stars rotating neutron stars as 253 00:09:31,430 --> 00:09:28,640 a navigation beacon we may be able to 254 00:09:33,509 --> 00:09:31,440 navigate our way through the universe 255 00:09:36,790 --> 00:09:33,519 using things the universe has provided 256 00:09:38,790 --> 00:09:36,800 to us as navigation and timing beacon so 257 00:09:41,910 --> 00:09:38,800 that'll be a really interesting demo in 258 00:09:43,670 --> 00:09:41,920 it it kind of ties on to a 259 00:09:46,790 --> 00:09:43,680 experiment that the science mission 260 00:09:48,230 --> 00:09:46,800 directorate has on space station 261 00:09:51,110 --> 00:09:48,240 so we'll be using some of that 262 00:09:53,829 --> 00:09:51,120 capability to do this other demo 263 00:09:56,310 --> 00:09:53,839 we've been planning to demonstrate 264 00:09:58,710 --> 00:09:56,320 phased array heat exchangers 265 00:10:01,030 --> 00:09:58,720 we have a wax-based implementation and a 266 00:10:03,350 --> 00:10:01,040 water-based implementation these are 267 00:10:05,269 --> 00:10:03,360 devices that use the latent heat of 268 00:10:07,190 --> 00:10:05,279 fusion the fact that 269 00:10:09,030 --> 00:10:07,200 substances absorb energy without 270 00:10:10,790 --> 00:10:09,040 changing their temperature 271 00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:10,800 when they're at a phase change like 272 00:10:17,829 --> 00:10:14,160 solid to liquid and so in 2016 we'll 273 00:10:20,069 --> 00:10:17,839 deliver the wax-based model 2017 the 274 00:10:22,949 --> 00:10:20,079 water-based model and test out the 275 00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:22,959 capability of those to store and release 276 00:10:27,110 --> 00:10:25,120 thermal energy when when you want when 277 00:10:28,870 --> 00:10:27,120 you want it and then advanced solar 278 00:10:31,910 --> 00:10:28,880 arrays one of the things we're very 279 00:10:34,069 --> 00:10:31,920 proud of this summer in space technology 280 00:10:37,030 --> 00:10:34,079 it's been a busy summer for us so we've 281 00:10:39,110 --> 00:10:37,040 done a number of demonstration events 282 00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:39,120 is the advanced solar rays that we've 283 00:10:43,750 --> 00:10:41,600 developed in partnership with 284 00:10:46,230 --> 00:10:43,760 atk in one case 285 00:10:49,030 --> 00:10:46,240 and a company called deployable space 286 00:10:51,110 --> 00:10:49,040 systems or dss in another case so we had 287 00:10:54,389 --> 00:10:51,120 two 288 00:10:56,790 --> 00:10:54,399 working on 289 00:10:58,069 --> 00:10:56,800 different implementations of advanced 290 00:11:00,470 --> 00:10:58,079 high power 291 00:11:02,550 --> 00:11:00,480 solar arrays one of the things as we 292 00:11:04,870 --> 00:11:02,560 move out into deep space we're going to 293 00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:04,880 need higher power implementations of 294 00:11:09,829 --> 00:11:07,440 solar electric propulsion to move cargo 295 00:11:12,790 --> 00:11:09,839 around for us it's a very efficient way 296 00:11:14,470 --> 00:11:12,800 of moving cargo because 297 00:11:16,790 --> 00:11:14,480 making an analogy with automobile 298 00:11:18,310 --> 00:11:16,800 transportation you get really high 299 00:11:20,150 --> 00:11:18,320 miles per gallon 300 00:11:23,110 --> 00:11:20,160 you don't get much thrust but you get 301 00:11:25,509 --> 00:11:23,120 great fuel economy and so we can move 302 00:11:27,829 --> 00:11:25,519 cargo when we're not in a hurry 303 00:11:30,389 --> 00:11:27,839 by contrast with moving crew when we 304 00:11:32,389 --> 00:11:30,399 want to get them out there is 305 00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:32,399 in a reasonable amount of time we can 306 00:11:36,230 --> 00:11:33,920 move cargo with solar electric 307 00:11:38,630 --> 00:11:36,240 propulsion but we'll need high power to 308 00:11:41,269 --> 00:11:38,640 move a lot lot of cargo right now the 309 00:11:43,509 --> 00:11:41,279 spacecraft that we have in earth orbit 310 00:11:46,310 --> 00:11:43,519 with solar arrays they have a few 311 00:11:47,509 --> 00:11:46,320 kilowatts or tens of kilowatts maybe 312 00:11:50,310 --> 00:11:47,519 of uh 313 00:11:52,310 --> 00:11:50,320 of power electric power being delivered 314 00:11:54,150 --> 00:11:52,320 from the solar array we'll need many 315 00:11:57,590 --> 00:11:54,160 tens of kilowatts maybe a few hundreds 316 00:11:59,190 --> 00:11:57,600 of kilowatts to do something like a mars 317 00:12:01,750 --> 00:11:59,200 mission for example 318 00:12:03,590 --> 00:12:01,760 probably a few hundred kilowatts and so 319 00:12:05,269 --> 00:12:03,600 we're developing the array technologies 320 00:12:07,509 --> 00:12:05,279 we had two great deployment 321 00:12:10,949 --> 00:12:07,519 demonstrations we're looking forward 322 00:12:13,590 --> 00:12:10,959 maybe uh in the next few years to trying 323 00:12:15,430 --> 00:12:13,600 to do a demonstration on iss 324 00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:15,440 the possibility even exists that these 325 00:12:21,990 --> 00:12:17,760 advanced arrays could supplement the 326 00:12:24,389 --> 00:12:22,000 power on the iss and and provide a 327 00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:24,399 replacement or a supplement for the 328 00:12:29,350 --> 00:12:27,440 aging iss solar arrays so very excited 329 00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:29,360 about that and we're proud to be 330 00:12:34,949 --> 00:12:31,279 partnering with heo 331 00:12:36,710 --> 00:12:34,959 on fulfilling the promise of iss as as a 332 00:12:39,350 --> 00:12:36,720 premier laboratory 333 00:12:41,670 --> 00:12:39,360 for space science and technology 334 00:12:44,470 --> 00:12:41,680 development and demonstration iss is 335 00:12:45,590 --> 00:12:44,480 fulfilling that promise every day 336 00:12:47,670 --> 00:12:45,600 and uh 337 00:12:49,990 --> 00:12:47,680 in space technology we're really pleased 338 00:12:53,350 --> 00:12:50,000 to be part of that we're trying to 339 00:12:55,990 --> 00:12:53,360 develop technologies to facilitate the 340 00:12:57,670 --> 00:12:56,000 human exploration of deep space 341 00:12:59,829 --> 00:12:57,680 asteroid mission 342 00:13:02,150 --> 00:12:59,839 onto the moons of mars onto the surface 343 00:13:03,829 --> 00:13:02,160 of mars and really at the top level when 344 00:13:04,949 --> 00:13:03,839 you think about it you've you've got to 345 00:13:07,190 --> 00:13:04,959 get there 346 00:13:09,590 --> 00:13:07,200 you've got a land there 347 00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:09,600 which is trickier than it sounds like 348 00:13:14,389 --> 00:13:11,760 you want to live there we really intend 349 00:13:16,790 --> 00:13:14,399 to set up shop on mars we don't want to 350 00:13:18,790 --> 00:13:16,800 go and just leave a few boot prints it's 351 00:13:20,870 --> 00:13:18,800 a long way away 352 00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:20,880 a mission to mars a human mission to 353 00:13:25,430 --> 00:13:23,760 mars will last a few years 354 00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:25,440 you literally have to wait for the 355 00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:27,600 planets to align before you can go and 356 00:13:32,829 --> 00:13:30,240 come back can't go and come anytime you 357 00:13:35,670 --> 00:13:32,839 want unless you have unlimited energy so 358 00:13:36,870 --> 00:13:35,680 um so we're we're going to set up shop 359 00:13:38,870 --> 00:13:36,880 on mars so we have to develop 360 00:13:40,790 --> 00:13:38,880 technologies to live there so 361 00:13:42,790 --> 00:13:40,800 in in space technology mission director 362 00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:42,800 we're working on propulsion like solar 363 00:13:46,310 --> 00:13:44,560 electric as i talked about to get you to 364 00:13:48,389 --> 00:13:46,320 mars we're working on landing 365 00:13:50,470 --> 00:13:48,399 technologies we had a fabulous 366 00:13:52,069 --> 00:13:50,480 demonstration earlier this summer of 367 00:13:55,030 --> 00:13:52,079 something called the low density 368 00:13:56,710 --> 00:13:55,040 supersonic decelerator some people call 369 00:13:58,790 --> 00:13:56,720 it nasa's flying saucer because it's 370 00:14:01,269 --> 00:13:58,800 sort of the test vehicle looked like a 371 00:14:03,350 --> 00:14:01,279 flying saucer but it deployed a 372 00:14:05,590 --> 00:14:03,360 supersonic decelerator an inflatable 373 00:14:08,069 --> 00:14:05,600 device to help slow the vehicle down 374 00:14:10,870 --> 00:14:08,079 then deployed a parachute at supersonic 375 00:14:12,629 --> 00:14:10,880 speeds the parachute 376 00:14:14,629 --> 00:14:12,639 came apart pretty quickly many people 377 00:14:16,230 --> 00:14:14,639 probably saw that video but but we 378 00:14:18,550 --> 00:14:16,240 learned a lot from that we know what to 379 00:14:20,389 --> 00:14:18,560 tweak we know what to try the next time 380 00:14:22,710 --> 00:14:20,399 so it's really all about 381 00:14:25,509 --> 00:14:22,720 creating new knowledge 382 00:14:27,509 --> 00:14:25,519 demonstrating new capabilities and and 383 00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:27,519 new technologies and and that's what 384 00:14:32,790 --> 00:14:30,320 we're trying to do in in space tech one 385 00:14:35,350 --> 00:14:32,800 more exciting thing i'll mention is is 386 00:14:37,829 --> 00:14:35,360 we recently selected in uh cooperation 387 00:14:39,990 --> 00:14:37,839 with human exploration 388 00:14:42,150 --> 00:14:40,000 operations mission directorate and to be 389 00:14:44,230 --> 00:14:42,160 put on a platform 390 00:14:45,910 --> 00:14:44,240 being uh that will be delivered by 391 00:14:49,829 --> 00:14:45,920 science mission directorate that is the 392 00:14:52,870 --> 00:14:49,839 mars 2020 rover we selected an in-situ 393 00:14:54,470 --> 00:14:52,880 resource utilization experiment that's a 394 00:14:56,310 --> 00:14:54,480 mouthful of words but what it means is 395 00:14:58,470 --> 00:14:56,320 living off the land and so what we're 396 00:15:00,310 --> 00:14:58,480 going to demonstrate is the ability to 397 00:15:03,350 --> 00:15:00,320 suck in the mars atmosphere which is 398 00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:03,360 mostly carbon dioxide about 95 carbon 399 00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:06,480 dioxide and turn it into oxygen 400 00:15:11,269 --> 00:15:08,720 we can use oxygen for breathing of 401 00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:11,279 course if you you're a human and want to 402 00:15:15,509 --> 00:15:12,880 set up shop on mars as i mentioned but 403 00:15:17,910 --> 00:15:15,519 we can also use oxygen as a very 404 00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,920 effective liquid oxidizer in the 405 00:15:21,590 --> 00:15:19,920 propulsion system that might get you 406 00:15:22,949 --> 00:15:21,600 back from mars so 407 00:15:25,030 --> 00:15:22,959 get there 408 00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:25,040 land there live there and then 409 00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:26,480 you'll probably want to leave there and 410 00:15:29,189 --> 00:15:27,440 so 411 00:15:31,509 --> 00:15:29,199 this technology can be used both for 412 00:15:33,590 --> 00:15:31,519 living there and and leaving there so 413 00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:33,600 really excited to be 414 00:15:37,189 --> 00:15:35,680 part of performing the first 415 00:15:40,230 --> 00:15:37,199 demonstration 416 00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:40,240 on another planetary body of using the 417 00:15:44,310 --> 00:15:41,920 resources that are there to produce 418 00:15:46,310 --> 00:15:44,320 something useful living off the land so 419 00:15:47,829 --> 00:15:46,320 so in space technology we're we're 420 00:15:49,269 --> 00:15:47,839 trying to create new knowledge we're 421 00:15:54,069 --> 00:15:49,279 trying to 422 00:15:55,990 --> 00:15:54,079 demonstrate new technologies and really 423 00:15:57,910 --> 00:15:56,000 pleased to be partnering with industry 424 00:16:00,550 --> 00:15:57,920 and partnering with our other 425 00:16:01,829 --> 00:16:00,560 organizations and in nasa to to do those 426 00:16:03,269 --> 00:16:01,839 things 427 00:16:05,430 --> 00:16:03,279 great thank you so much that's a lot of 428 00:16:07,350 --> 00:16:05,440 good information we do spend a lot of 429 00:16:09,030 --> 00:16:07,360 time talking about science and research 430 00:16:11,030 --> 00:16:09,040 inside the space station and it's great 431 00:16:12,870 --> 00:16:11,040 to hear about science outside the space 432 00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:12,880 station enabled by the space station and 433 00:16:16,629 --> 00:16:14,800 one of those is rapid scat that we've 434 00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:16,639 been talking about this week ellen 435 00:16:20,310 --> 00:16:18,240 you're nasa's chief scientist could you 436 00:16:22,389 --> 00:16:20,320 tell us a little bit more please 437 00:16:25,030 --> 00:16:22,399 well this flight with crs4 is really 438 00:16:27,590 --> 00:16:25,040 showing the depth and breadth of the iss 439 00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:27,600 as a research platform um and and with 440 00:16:30,710 --> 00:16:29,040 this flight again you're we're just 441 00:16:34,710 --> 00:16:30,720 seeing the increasing maturity of the 442 00:16:36,629 --> 00:16:34,720 iss for research and rapid scat which is 443 00:16:37,990 --> 00:16:36,639 going to measure surface winds over the 444 00:16:40,310 --> 00:16:38,000 ocean 445 00:16:43,189 --> 00:16:40,320 is a great complement to our 446 00:16:45,189 --> 00:16:43,199 17 spacecraft that we have studying the 447 00:16:47,269 --> 00:16:45,199 earth we were really excited earlier 448 00:16:49,430 --> 00:16:47,279 this year to launch two spacecraft one 449 00:16:52,389 --> 00:16:49,440 to study global precipitation another to 450 00:16:55,030 --> 00:16:52,399 study carbon dioxide and you might say 451 00:16:56,790 --> 00:16:55,040 why do we need all those 17 spacecraft 452 00:16:59,030 --> 00:16:56,800 why do we need rapid scat to measure 453 00:17:01,110 --> 00:16:59,040 well as most of us know living on this 454 00:17:02,870 --> 00:17:01,120 planet it's a really complex planet 455 00:17:04,630 --> 00:17:02,880 we're trying to understand 456 00:17:06,549 --> 00:17:04,640 how the atmosphere is changing how the 457 00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:06,559 surface changes how that plays into it 458 00:17:11,350 --> 00:17:08,880 how the surface changes 70 percent of 459 00:17:12,870 --> 00:17:11,360 our planet is covered by oceans so 460 00:17:15,029 --> 00:17:12,880 we have a hard time actually making 461 00:17:17,590 --> 00:17:15,039 surface measurements all across those 462 00:17:20,150 --> 00:17:17,600 areas where there aren't people so being 463 00:17:22,390 --> 00:17:20,160 able to use space to get that global 464 00:17:25,110 --> 00:17:22,400 view is incredibly important 465 00:17:26,630 --> 00:17:25,120 but because the planet is so dynamic it 466 00:17:28,470 --> 00:17:26,640 really is changing all the time and 467 00:17:30,310 --> 00:17:28,480 you're trying to capture that change 468 00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:30,320 with all of these instruments for 469 00:17:33,430 --> 00:17:32,240 example our we have another instrument 470 00:17:35,750 --> 00:17:33,440 that is 471 00:17:37,590 --> 00:17:35,760 looking at sea surface winds but it's 472 00:17:39,830 --> 00:17:37,600 measuring at the same time of the day 473 00:17:41,990 --> 00:17:39,840 every day the great complement for a 474 00:17:43,990 --> 00:17:42,000 rapid scat is that the space station 475 00:17:45,350 --> 00:17:44,000 covers the tropical regions at different 476 00:17:46,710 --> 00:17:45,360 times of the day 477 00:17:49,110 --> 00:17:46,720 so we're not only going to be able to 478 00:17:51,270 --> 00:17:49,120 get data on how the winds change from 479 00:17:52,230 --> 00:17:51,280 day to day but how they change across 480 00:17:53,669 --> 00:17:52,240 the day 481 00:17:55,909 --> 00:17:53,679 and that's really important because if 482 00:17:57,909 --> 00:17:55,919 you think of how the weather changes how 483 00:17:59,830 --> 00:17:57,919 the climate changes a lot of it's due to 484 00:18:02,630 --> 00:17:59,840 the energy that we have in our 485 00:18:04,230 --> 00:18:02,640 atmosphere how's that energy 486 00:18:05,909 --> 00:18:04,240 taking place what's the exchange of 487 00:18:07,990 --> 00:18:05,919 energy between the sea surface and the 488 00:18:10,710 --> 00:18:08,000 atmosphere and winds are a really 489 00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:10,720 critical part of that equation that we 490 00:18:15,110 --> 00:18:13,440 really need to measure so rapid scat 491 00:18:17,430 --> 00:18:15,120 on the international space station is 492 00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:17,440 going to give us good insight 493 00:18:21,190 --> 00:18:19,280 to increasing our understanding of 494 00:18:22,710 --> 00:18:21,200 weather how that plays into climate over 495 00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:22,720 the long term really critical 496 00:18:25,669 --> 00:18:24,480 measurements that we're making 497 00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:25,679 right now 498 00:18:30,789 --> 00:18:28,880 to help us here on earth 499 00:18:31,990 --> 00:18:30,799 and and this is just one aspect as we've 500 00:18:34,070 --> 00:18:32,000 been hearing today of what the 501 00:18:35,909 --> 00:18:34,080 international space station is doing and 502 00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:35,919 it's amazing to me when you look at just 503 00:18:39,830 --> 00:18:37,600 the again the incredible breadth of 504 00:18:41,110 --> 00:18:39,840 research that we have going on yesterday 505 00:18:42,630 --> 00:18:41,120 we announced the alpha magnetic 506 00:18:44,549 --> 00:18:42,640 spectrometer 507 00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:44,559 they're released two different papers 508 00:18:48,710 --> 00:18:46,720 looking at the things like the amount of 509 00:18:50,390 --> 00:18:48,720 positrons and electrons that are are 510 00:18:52,470 --> 00:18:50,400 coming towards us really important to 511 00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:52,480 measure them in space because when you 512 00:18:55,270 --> 00:18:54,160 have this atmosphere it kind of messes 513 00:18:57,190 --> 00:18:55,280 up the measurement because these 514 00:18:59,669 --> 00:18:57,200 particles have mass 515 00:19:02,789 --> 00:18:59,679 and it's starting to give us hints 516 00:19:04,390 --> 00:19:02,799 about dark matter this stuff that takes 517 00:19:06,549 --> 00:19:04,400 up the majority of the universe that we 518 00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:06,559 have very little insight into its nature 519 00:19:10,310 --> 00:19:08,480 so really exciting results coming from 520 00:19:12,470 --> 00:19:10,320 ams and again who would think that the 521 00:19:15,029 --> 00:19:12,480 international space station would become 522 00:19:17,190 --> 00:19:15,039 such a fundamental platform for doing uh 523 00:19:20,150 --> 00:19:17,200 cosmology studies the origin of the 524 00:19:23,029 --> 00:19:20,160 universe the nature of the universe 525 00:19:25,430 --> 00:19:23,039 and as sam was going into earlier 526 00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:25,440 with our commercial partner cases 527 00:19:29,990 --> 00:19:27,440 sending arc 2 up to the international 528 00:19:31,430 --> 00:19:30,000 space station really a broad range of 529 00:19:33,510 --> 00:19:31,440 research going on from things like 530 00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:33,520 protein crystal growth 531 00:19:36,789 --> 00:19:35,760 to our very important model systems 532 00:19:38,150 --> 00:19:36,799 studies 533 00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:38,160 and i know you guys heard about that 534 00:19:41,990 --> 00:19:39,840 yesterday with the work that we're doing 535 00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:42,000 sending rodents up looking at muscle 536 00:19:47,110 --> 00:19:45,280 wasting bone density loss uh the fact 537 00:19:49,590 --> 00:19:47,120 that when you put 538 00:19:51,270 --> 00:19:49,600 things that evolved in a 1g atmosphere 539 00:19:54,070 --> 00:19:51,280 up into microgravity there's all kinds 540 00:19:56,310 --> 00:19:54,080 of changes how can we use those changes 541 00:19:57,990 --> 00:19:56,320 to help us better understand how the 542 00:19:59,909 --> 00:19:58,000 human system operates and that's 543 00:20:01,909 --> 00:19:59,919 critical not just for sending humans 544 00:20:03,430 --> 00:20:01,919 beyond low earth orbit to mars where for 545 00:20:05,590 --> 00:20:03,440 three years they're going to go out into 546 00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:05,600 this low gravity environment but it's 547 00:20:10,149 --> 00:20:07,200 critical because things like bone 548 00:20:11,669 --> 00:20:10,159 density loss muscle wasting 549 00:20:13,430 --> 00:20:11,679 and my age i already feel those things 550 00:20:15,029 --> 00:20:13,440 coming on so 551 00:20:16,870 --> 00:20:15,039 you know if we can learn from the fact 552 00:20:18,789 --> 00:20:16,880 that those things happen very rapidly in 553 00:20:20,549 --> 00:20:18,799 space learn more about them learn how to 554 00:20:22,630 --> 00:20:20,559 treat them effectively it will help us 555 00:20:24,630 --> 00:20:22,640 here on earth 556 00:20:26,230 --> 00:20:24,640 and that's our our phrase for the space 557 00:20:28,549 --> 00:20:26,240 station which i think is really critical 558 00:20:30,630 --> 00:20:28,559 is it's off the earth but it's for the 559 00:20:33,590 --> 00:20:30,640 earth this research doesn't just benefit 560 00:20:36,390 --> 00:20:33,600 us on our journey to mars it benefits us 561 00:20:38,470 --> 00:20:36,400 right here on this planet um and and for 562 00:20:40,230 --> 00:20:38,480 our journey to mars you know this this 563 00:20:44,630 --> 00:20:40,240 research we're doing is critical our 564 00:20:46,310 --> 00:20:44,640 partnership with spacex uh getting cargo 565 00:20:47,909 --> 00:20:46,320 along with orbital getting cargo up to 566 00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:47,919 the space station is critical because we 567 00:20:52,070 --> 00:20:50,240 want to get experiments up there we want 568 00:20:55,590 --> 00:20:52,080 to get data from those experiments back 569 00:20:57,270 --> 00:20:55,600 down here on earth and earlier this week 570 00:20:59,830 --> 00:20:57,280 our big announcement as sam was talking 571 00:21:02,230 --> 00:20:59,840 about partnering with spacex and boeing 572 00:21:03,990 --> 00:21:02,240 to send commercial crew to the 573 00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:04,000 international space station starting in 574 00:21:07,990 --> 00:21:05,120 a few years 575 00:21:10,390 --> 00:21:08,000 another critical step on ensuring that 576 00:21:12,070 --> 00:21:10,400 in the 2030s we get humans 577 00:21:13,510 --> 00:21:12,080 to the red planet 578 00:21:15,669 --> 00:21:13,520 and that's critical for me as a 579 00:21:17,830 --> 00:21:15,679 scientist because i want to see uh 580 00:21:19,750 --> 00:21:17,840 geologists and astrobiologists on the 581 00:21:22,230 --> 00:21:19,760 surface of mars trying to really address 582 00:21:25,270 --> 00:21:22,240 that question of did life ever evolve 583 00:21:27,750 --> 00:21:25,280 uh on the planet um and 584 00:21:30,230 --> 00:21:27,760 you know this is kind of a crazy 585 00:21:33,270 --> 00:21:30,240 busy week for us here at nasa from the 586 00:21:34,549 --> 00:21:33,280 commercial crew announcement to our 587 00:21:36,710 --> 00:21:34,559 launch here 588 00:21:39,830 --> 00:21:36,720 in the early hours of tomorrow morning 589 00:21:42,789 --> 00:21:39,840 to on sunday evening incredibly exciting 590 00:21:45,830 --> 00:21:42,799 we have the maven spacecraft arriving at 591 00:21:47,990 --> 00:21:45,840 mars having mars orbit insertion maven 592 00:21:49,190 --> 00:21:48,000 will be studying uh the processing take 593 00:21:50,710 --> 00:21:49,200 place at the top of the martian 594 00:21:52,789 --> 00:21:50,720 atmosphere which is really critical for 595 00:21:54,470 --> 00:21:52,799 understanding the history of water on 596 00:21:56,710 --> 00:21:54,480 that planet we know mars had a lot of 597 00:21:57,909 --> 00:21:56,720 water in the past it's lost that water 598 00:21:59,029 --> 00:21:57,919 maven maven's going to give us this 599 00:22:01,029 --> 00:21:59,039 critical 600 00:22:03,510 --> 00:22:01,039 measurements to try to understand how 601 00:22:05,029 --> 00:22:03,520 that how mars atmosphere has evolved 602 00:22:06,630 --> 00:22:05,039 over time 603 00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:06,640 getting back to that question of are we 604 00:22:10,230 --> 00:22:08,640 alone and did life ever evolve on the 605 00:22:13,110 --> 00:22:10,240 red planet so 606 00:22:15,029 --> 00:22:13,120 crazy busy week for nasa and really 607 00:22:17,590 --> 00:22:15,039 focused on this 608 00:22:19,830 --> 00:22:17,600 let's go beyond low earth orbit let's go 609 00:22:22,230 --> 00:22:19,840 on a journey to mars 610 00:22:24,710 --> 00:22:22,240 excellent thank you we will now open it 611 00:22:26,549 --> 00:22:24,720 up for questions and please identify 612 00:22:28,470 --> 00:22:26,559 yourself and your affiliation and to 613 00:22:32,950 --> 00:22:28,480 whom you're addressing your question 614 00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:34,470 thanks very much good morning my 615 00:22:38,549 --> 00:22:35,840 question is for 616 00:22:41,430 --> 00:22:38,559 for sam with the house and senate 617 00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:41,440 passing a continuing resolution for the 618 00:22:45,750 --> 00:22:44,240 um for the nasa budget does that impact 619 00:22:47,590 --> 00:22:45,760 the uh 620 00:22:49,590 --> 00:22:47,600 first year funding for the commercial 621 00:22:52,230 --> 00:22:49,600 crew awards 622 00:22:55,029 --> 00:22:52,240 i think that was addressed uh in the in 623 00:22:56,630 --> 00:22:55,039 the discussion a couple of days ago is 624 00:22:59,029 --> 00:22:56,640 that right that's correct uh it 625 00:23:03,110 --> 00:22:59,039 shouldn't have any effect 626 00:23:07,669 --> 00:23:04,950 i have also another financial question 627 00:23:10,070 --> 00:23:07,679 also for you um yesterday the um 628 00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:10,080 inspector general's office uh came out 629 00:23:14,149 --> 00:23:12,000 with their report about the future 630 00:23:16,149 --> 00:23:14,159 operations of the space station and 631 00:23:18,870 --> 00:23:16,159 expressed some concerns about it being 632 00:23:23,350 --> 00:23:18,880 um that nasa was uh under 633 00:23:25,029 --> 00:23:23,360 was um wasn't really properly um 634 00:23:27,350 --> 00:23:25,039 planning on the amount of money that 635 00:23:29,029 --> 00:23:27,360 it's going to cost to keep it going i'm 636 00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:29,039 just wondering if you had any response 637 00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:30,320 to that 638 00:23:33,750 --> 00:23:31,440 well we've been 639 00:23:36,950 --> 00:23:33,760 working uh last couple of years to 640 00:23:39,590 --> 00:23:36,960 understand uh what it takes to keep the 641 00:23:41,110 --> 00:23:39,600 station from an operational standpoint 642 00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:41,120 and maintenance standpoint what it takes 643 00:23:45,269 --> 00:23:43,120 to do that and 644 00:23:46,950 --> 00:23:45,279 what we what we expect for the 645 00:23:49,350 --> 00:23:46,960 transportation cost to be in the future 646 00:23:51,190 --> 00:23:49,360 so we're continuing to work those cost 647 00:23:53,269 --> 00:23:51,200 estimates through our regular budget 648 00:23:55,510 --> 00:23:53,279 process 649 00:23:57,510 --> 00:23:55,520 marcia dunn 650 00:23:59,430 --> 00:23:57,520 marsha done associated press for mr 651 00:24:01,110 --> 00:23:59,440 sheehy probably although 652 00:24:02,070 --> 00:24:01,120 you can anyone can 653 00:24:04,070 --> 00:24:02,080 chip in 654 00:24:06,870 --> 00:24:04,080 3d printer 655 00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:06,880 when would you envision when would you 656 00:24:11,590 --> 00:24:09,120 think that astronauts on the space 657 00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:11,600 station if at all might actually use the 658 00:24:16,710 --> 00:24:14,320 3d printer for replacement parts repair 659 00:24:18,390 --> 00:24:16,720 parts i know there's a commercial unit 660 00:24:19,669 --> 00:24:18,400 going up i think next year 661 00:24:21,110 --> 00:24:19,679 what's the earliest you could see that 662 00:24:22,630 --> 00:24:21,120 happening and how hard would it be for 663 00:24:25,190 --> 00:24:22,640 nasa to get its 664 00:24:27,909 --> 00:24:25,200 its head into um 665 00:24:29,510 --> 00:24:27,919 using a 3d printer part 666 00:24:30,870 --> 00:24:29,520 if it's a life and death situation on 667 00:24:32,310 --> 00:24:30,880 the space station versus something 668 00:24:33,830 --> 00:24:32,320 that's been tested a hundred thousand 669 00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:33,840 times on the ground 670 00:24:38,950 --> 00:24:36,320 sure that's a great question um 671 00:24:40,870 --> 00:24:38,960 part of the uh rationale behind doing 672 00:24:42,310 --> 00:24:40,880 the demo that we have planned for this 673 00:24:45,510 --> 00:24:42,320 mission is 674 00:24:47,669 --> 00:24:45,520 to to get some initial data and to do 675 00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:47,679 some initial testing on 676 00:24:51,669 --> 00:24:49,600 you know what kind how what what is the 677 00:24:54,630 --> 00:24:51,679 quality of the parts that come out when 678 00:24:56,630 --> 00:24:54,640 you make them in space and so um i think 679 00:24:59,110 --> 00:24:56,640 the briefing yesterday showed that in 680 00:25:00,789 --> 00:24:59,120 addition to some sample parts they're 681 00:25:03,510 --> 00:25:00,799 making a bunch they will be making a 682 00:25:05,110 --> 00:25:03,520 bunch of test articles 683 00:25:07,430 --> 00:25:05,120 some of them look like dog bones and 684 00:25:09,750 --> 00:25:07,440 different sorts of test coupons and so 685 00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:09,760 those will be pulled and twisted and 686 00:25:13,510 --> 00:25:11,520 and peeled and and 687 00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:13,520 subjected to a lot of tests to determine 688 00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:15,840 the quality of the parts here on earth 689 00:25:18,870 --> 00:25:17,600 we're investing in 690 00:25:19,990 --> 00:25:18,880 um 691 00:25:23,669 --> 00:25:20,000 developing 692 00:25:26,470 --> 00:25:23,679 technologies to do 3d manufacturing of 693 00:25:28,710 --> 00:25:26,480 components of rocket engines even entire 694 00:25:30,630 --> 00:25:28,720 rocket engines so one of the projects 695 00:25:32,710 --> 00:25:30,640 space technology mission directorate's 696 00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:32,720 doing in conjunction with human 697 00:25:38,710 --> 00:25:36,720 exploration is is looking at 698 00:25:40,710 --> 00:25:38,720 building components out of various 699 00:25:43,430 --> 00:25:40,720 metals and then putting them in rocket 700 00:25:45,909 --> 00:25:43,440 engines and subjecting them to hot fire 701 00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:45,919 gives you the opportunity not only to 702 00:25:49,350 --> 00:25:47,840 build the thing and tweak it and twist 703 00:25:51,269 --> 00:25:49,360 it and pull it and 704 00:25:53,430 --> 00:25:51,279 determine its mechanical properties but 705 00:25:56,070 --> 00:25:53,440 then how does it last when you put it in 706 00:25:57,590 --> 00:25:56,080 the hot fire environment of a of a 707 00:25:59,110 --> 00:25:57,600 rocket engine high pressures high 708 00:25:59,990 --> 00:25:59,120 temperatures and so 709 00:26:01,750 --> 00:26:00,000 um 710 00:26:03,909 --> 00:26:01,760 i think the experiments being done on 711 00:26:05,750 --> 00:26:03,919 earth and the development demonstration 712 00:26:08,230 --> 00:26:05,760 activities combined with 713 00:26:10,390 --> 00:26:08,240 the demos we can do in space 714 00:26:11,750 --> 00:26:10,400 will give us confidence that the stuff 715 00:26:14,789 --> 00:26:11,760 we make 716 00:26:16,870 --> 00:26:14,799 by this method even though it's it's new 717 00:26:18,789 --> 00:26:16,880 and innovative and it's different than 718 00:26:21,269 --> 00:26:18,799 machining a part out of a huge chunk of 719 00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:21,279 metal for example um do have the 720 00:26:25,430 --> 00:26:22,640 durability 721 00:26:27,830 --> 00:26:25,440 do have the mechanical and thermal 722 00:26:30,710 --> 00:26:27,840 capabilities that 723 00:26:33,110 --> 00:26:30,720 traditional parts have and so that's 724 00:26:35,430 --> 00:26:33,120 part of the reason for the demo and and 725 00:26:37,350 --> 00:26:35,440 all the other 726 00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:37,360 technology development demonstration 727 00:26:40,710 --> 00:26:39,120 activities that are going on 728 00:26:43,110 --> 00:26:40,720 in that whole area of additive 729 00:26:44,230 --> 00:26:43,120 manufacturing so 730 00:26:45,430 --> 00:26:44,240 what year 731 00:26:47,669 --> 00:26:45,440 i don't know if it's going to be two 732 00:26:49,590 --> 00:26:47,679 years three years five years since 733 00:26:51,909 --> 00:26:49,600 but 734 00:26:53,430 --> 00:26:51,919 i think it's a certainty that nasa will 735 00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:53,440 reach the point 736 00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:54,400 of 737 00:26:59,430 --> 00:26:56,640 manufacturing replacement parts 738 00:27:01,190 --> 00:26:59,440 manufacturing tools as needed and 739 00:27:05,029 --> 00:27:01,200 relying on those 740 00:27:06,549 --> 00:27:05,039 instead of not in addition to 741 00:27:08,149 --> 00:27:06,559 things that are brought from earth if 742 00:27:09,430 --> 00:27:08,159 we're really going to set up shop on 743 00:27:11,830 --> 00:27:09,440 mars 744 00:27:13,430 --> 00:27:11,840 we have to get there we really can't 745 00:27:15,990 --> 00:27:13,440 afford to bring 746 00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:16,000 everything we need for an indefinite 747 00:27:19,590 --> 00:27:17,360 amount of time we may do that for the 748 00:27:21,590 --> 00:27:19,600 first mission but we'll need to get to 749 00:27:23,430 --> 00:27:21,600 the point where we can make things that 750 00:27:25,029 --> 00:27:23,440 we need as we go 751 00:27:26,870 --> 00:27:25,039 so we will get there 752 00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:26,880 i don't know if it'll be next year but 753 00:27:32,070 --> 00:27:29,600 it'll be in the near future 754 00:27:34,389 --> 00:27:32,080 uh ken cramer 755 00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:34,399 hi ken kramer for um universe today in 756 00:27:39,029 --> 00:27:36,480 america space got a question kind of for 757 00:27:40,389 --> 00:27:39,039 for all of you um 758 00:27:44,310 --> 00:27:40,399 the is 759 00:27:46,630 --> 00:27:44,320 extension so what i would like to know 760 00:27:48,950 --> 00:27:46,640 is have you gotten some new proposals 761 00:27:51,350 --> 00:27:48,960 now for science and technology now that 762 00:27:52,630 --> 00:27:51,360 you've got this extension of at least 763 00:27:55,269 --> 00:27:52,640 four years 764 00:27:56,630 --> 00:27:55,279 um i also would like to know 765 00:27:57,990 --> 00:27:56,640 you've talked a lot about the earth 766 00:28:00,230 --> 00:27:58,000 science 767 00:28:02,070 --> 00:28:00,240 okay i'd like to know 768 00:28:05,510 --> 00:28:02,080 what will we be doing if anything for 769 00:28:07,350 --> 00:28:05,520 the iss for astronomy and astrophysics 770 00:28:09,029 --> 00:28:07,360 jeff i really enjoyed um your 771 00:28:10,549 --> 00:28:09,039 presentation too 772 00:28:12,870 --> 00:28:10,559 had a lot of questions you answered but 773 00:28:15,669 --> 00:28:12,880 i like to know about these solar arrays 774 00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:15,679 you mentioned augmenting the iss could 775 00:28:20,310 --> 00:28:18,080 these possibly be used for unmanned 776 00:28:23,350 --> 00:28:20,320 missions in deep space to for the outer 777 00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:23,360 planets given the limitations of the um 778 00:28:28,870 --> 00:28:26,720 plutonium supply thank you 779 00:28:29,750 --> 00:28:28,880 maybe i'll talk first about solar rays 780 00:28:32,710 --> 00:28:29,760 and 781 00:28:36,470 --> 00:28:32,720 also i'll touch on long-term 782 00:28:41,029 --> 00:28:38,230 you know as you go deeper into space 783 00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:41,039 solar becomes a less and less attractive 784 00:28:46,870 --> 00:28:44,320 option because the solar flux or fluence 785 00:28:49,350 --> 00:28:46,880 falls off pretty rapidly as you get get 786 00:28:51,830 --> 00:28:49,360 out so 787 00:28:55,029 --> 00:28:51,840 but yes the bigger you're able to make 788 00:28:57,590 --> 00:28:55,039 an array the more of that decreasing 789 00:28:59,430 --> 00:28:57,600 light you can capture and so 790 00:29:02,070 --> 00:28:59,440 one of the things we're looking at to 791 00:29:04,470 --> 00:29:02,080 kind of augment the let's go big in 792 00:29:07,110 --> 00:29:04,480 solar arrays is how can you 793 00:29:09,350 --> 00:29:07,120 assemble these things on orbit maybe 794 00:29:11,269 --> 00:29:09,360 even reconfigure them so 795 00:29:14,149 --> 00:29:11,279 we're gearing up to do development and 796 00:29:16,870 --> 00:29:14,159 demonstration projects in lightweight 797 00:29:19,269 --> 00:29:16,880 structures autonomous assembly and 798 00:29:22,070 --> 00:29:19,279 looking at maybe getting to megawatt 799 00:29:23,669 --> 00:29:22,080 class solar rays so 800 00:29:25,750 --> 00:29:23,679 i think you know there's a trade always 801 00:29:27,190 --> 00:29:25,760 to be made in terms of 802 00:29:28,710 --> 00:29:27,200 whether you want to go solar whether you 803 00:29:30,870 --> 00:29:28,720 want to go nuclear 804 00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:30,880 as you go deeper and deeper into space 805 00:29:35,269 --> 00:29:33,600 and nuclear tends to win out because you 806 00:29:37,510 --> 00:29:35,279 don't need to capture that decreasing 807 00:29:39,110 --> 00:29:37,520 amount of light but 808 00:29:40,950 --> 00:29:39,120 but those are the kind of trades we're 809 00:29:42,710 --> 00:29:40,960 looking at and and developing the 810 00:29:45,190 --> 00:29:42,720 ability to make big arrays is something 811 00:29:47,430 --> 00:29:45,200 that we're looking at in terms of 812 00:29:49,430 --> 00:29:47,440 long-term use of the station 813 00:29:51,430 --> 00:29:49,440 one of the things that we're really 814 00:29:52,230 --> 00:29:51,440 looking at is 815 00:29:53,909 --> 00:29:52,240 the 816 00:29:56,789 --> 00:29:53,919 environmental control and life support 817 00:29:59,110 --> 00:29:56,799 systems what what we do on the station 818 00:30:01,190 --> 00:29:59,120 uh you know is effective but it requires 819 00:30:03,350 --> 00:30:01,200 a lot of upkeep a lot of maintenance 820 00:30:06,470 --> 00:30:03,360 we'd like to increase the efficiencies 821 00:30:09,830 --> 00:30:06,480 of some of the processes for say 822 00:30:10,870 --> 00:30:09,840 recovering water we recover a lot um 823 00:30:12,149 --> 00:30:10,880 you've 824 00:30:14,149 --> 00:30:12,159 most people know about the urine 825 00:30:16,789 --> 00:30:14,159 processor assembly which tries to 826 00:30:18,310 --> 00:30:16,799 recover water in in that method and 827 00:30:20,070 --> 00:30:18,320 people tend to giggle about it but it's 828 00:30:22,230 --> 00:30:20,080 a lot of water and we can recover it and 829 00:30:25,029 --> 00:30:22,240 and put it to good use and and but 830 00:30:26,630 --> 00:30:25,039 there's other uh water that's that's uh 831 00:30:29,190 --> 00:30:26,640 consumed on the station if we could 832 00:30:31,269 --> 00:30:29,200 recover a bigger fraction of that um 833 00:30:33,990 --> 00:30:31,279 oxygen recovery those sorts of 834 00:30:36,389 --> 00:30:34,000 technologies and so the iss will be 835 00:30:37,190 --> 00:30:36,399 the demonstration platform 836 00:30:39,510 --> 00:30:37,200 to 837 00:30:41,909 --> 00:30:39,520 implement the next generation of life 838 00:30:44,870 --> 00:30:41,919 support technologies that gets ready to 839 00:30:47,750 --> 00:30:44,880 live on mars in the 2030s as ellen 840 00:30:49,590 --> 00:30:47,760 mentioned and so we see those 841 00:30:52,070 --> 00:30:49,600 development and demonstration activities 842 00:30:53,990 --> 00:30:52,080 going well into the extended life of the 843 00:30:56,470 --> 00:30:54,000 station so that's just one example yeah 844 00:30:58,630 --> 00:30:56,480 i'd like to expand them upon that uh not 845 00:31:00,950 --> 00:30:58,640 only the technology of keeping humans 846 00:31:02,870 --> 00:31:00,960 alive and and healthy is you know the 847 00:31:05,110 --> 00:31:02,880 crew exercise equipment is another area 848 00:31:07,430 --> 00:31:05,120 that will be developing the next 849 00:31:10,070 --> 00:31:07,440 generation technology the air and and 850 00:31:12,310 --> 00:31:10,080 blood uh characterization on orbit and 851 00:31:13,750 --> 00:31:12,320 situ measurements on orbit that we need 852 00:31:15,669 --> 00:31:13,760 to keep the crew healthy and things of 853 00:31:17,590 --> 00:31:15,679 that nature our 854 00:31:19,190 --> 00:31:17,600 our partner director the science mission 855 00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:19,200 directorate has 856 00:31:23,830 --> 00:31:21,200 put space station as part of their 857 00:31:25,590 --> 00:31:23,840 platforms and their uh and their regular 858 00:31:28,470 --> 00:31:25,600 research data calls 859 00:31:29,990 --> 00:31:28,480 we have more earth science 860 00:31:33,190 --> 00:31:30,000 instruments being flown to station the 861 00:31:35,509 --> 00:31:33,200 next couple of years we have 862 00:31:37,269 --> 00:31:35,519 proposals for heliophysics and we have 863 00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:37,279 high energy physics like ice cream 864 00:31:39,909 --> 00:31:38,640 coming up 865 00:31:46,070 --> 00:31:39,919 next 866 00:31:48,149 --> 00:31:46,080 bit going on across the directorates 867 00:31:50,389 --> 00:31:48,159 not to mention on the exploration 868 00:31:52,950 --> 00:31:50,399 technology side for instance we're doing 869 00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:52,960 the robotic 870 00:31:57,110 --> 00:31:54,960 refueling demonstrations on space 871 00:31:59,350 --> 00:31:57,120 station we're also going to be flying up 872 00:32:00,470 --> 00:31:59,360 a a sensor suite for prox ops and 873 00:32:02,070 --> 00:32:00,480 rendezvous 874 00:32:03,430 --> 00:32:02,080 that we'll be demonstrating on space 875 00:32:05,430 --> 00:32:03,440 station that could be used across the 876 00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:05,440 spectrum of spacecraft 877 00:32:09,509 --> 00:32:07,760 as we go beyond low earth orbit so 878 00:32:10,789 --> 00:32:09,519 we have a lot going on 879 00:32:12,389 --> 00:32:10,799 not only in the near term for space 880 00:32:14,789 --> 00:32:12,399 station but we are planning you know to 881 00:32:17,269 --> 00:32:14,799 fully utilize the platform in all all 882 00:32:19,909 --> 00:32:17,279 its aspects from human research to 883 00:32:21,509 --> 00:32:19,919 science mission direct to technology to 884 00:32:24,870 --> 00:32:21,519 returning benefits to people here on 885 00:32:26,710 --> 00:32:24,880 earth so um our plates felt filling up 886 00:32:28,549 --> 00:32:26,720 yeah if i could expand i mean one of the 887 00:32:30,070 --> 00:32:28,559 critical things when you think about um 888 00:32:31,750 --> 00:32:30,080 a scientist trying to conduct this 889 00:32:32,950 --> 00:32:31,760 experiment if you conduct it once you 890 00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:32,960 find something interesting and it 891 00:32:37,830 --> 00:32:35,360 usually doesn't end right there and so 892 00:32:41,830 --> 00:32:37,840 um for for the research community having 893 00:32:43,669 --> 00:32:41,840 this 10-year extension going out to 894 00:32:45,190 --> 00:32:43,679 um you know there are new areas of 895 00:32:46,870 --> 00:32:45,200 research that are going to come in that 896 00:32:49,110 --> 00:32:46,880 we don't know yet but a lot of it is 897 00:32:51,909 --> 00:32:49,120 that continuity so for example this is 898 00:32:54,389 --> 00:32:51,919 our first rodent flight and so there's 899 00:32:56,389 --> 00:32:54,399 already a whole series of plans for how 900 00:32:58,230 --> 00:32:56,399 can we expand 901 00:33:00,549 --> 00:32:58,240 the use of model systems not just 902 00:33:01,750 --> 00:33:00,559 rodents but also fruit flies and the 903 00:33:03,909 --> 00:33:01,760 other 904 00:33:06,710 --> 00:33:03,919 organisms that we sent up plants 905 00:33:09,029 --> 00:33:06,720 to really try to get at okay you ask a 906 00:33:11,190 --> 00:33:09,039 question you get an answer that leads to 907 00:33:13,350 --> 00:33:11,200 more questions you want to follow up and 908 00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:13,360 it's that ability to tell the research 909 00:33:16,470 --> 00:33:15,360 community look you have this platform 910 00:33:17,990 --> 00:33:16,480 for a long time you're going to be able 911 00:33:20,149 --> 00:33:18,000 to follow up on your scientific 912 00:33:22,950 --> 00:33:20,159 questions and get an answer 913 00:33:25,909 --> 00:33:22,960 is extremely important um 914 00:33:28,389 --> 00:33:25,919 and and for example one of the specific 915 00:33:31,029 --> 00:33:28,399 examples um which sam touched on earlier 916 00:33:32,470 --> 00:33:31,039 was the one-year mission um when we try 917 00:33:34,149 --> 00:33:32,480 to say all right we want to send humans 918 00:33:37,190 --> 00:33:34,159 to mars eight months there eight months 919 00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:37,200 back sometime on the surface um the 920 00:33:42,070 --> 00:33:39,840 amount of risks that we have to mitigate 921 00:33:44,710 --> 00:33:42,080 between now and the 2030s 922 00:33:46,470 --> 00:33:44,720 having the number of subjects up on the 923 00:33:48,950 --> 00:33:46,480 international space station to gather 924 00:33:51,590 --> 00:33:48,960 data on eye health on cardiovascular 925 00:33:53,669 --> 00:33:51,600 issues immune system issues 926 00:33:55,269 --> 00:33:53,679 that 10-year period is giving our human 927 00:33:57,029 --> 00:33:55,279 research program 928 00:33:59,190 --> 00:33:57,039 the assurance that they're going to have 929 00:34:01,590 --> 00:33:59,200 enough individuals that they can study 930 00:34:03,029 --> 00:34:01,600 over the right time intervals that we 931 00:34:04,710 --> 00:34:03,039 really know what we're doing when we 932 00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:04,720 send humans you know the when the humans 933 00:34:07,590 --> 00:34:06,080 get to mars after eight months they've 934 00:34:09,109 --> 00:34:07,600 got to be able to 935 00:34:11,270 --> 00:34:09,119 get out of the spacecraft and start 936 00:34:12,950 --> 00:34:11,280 working and then they got to be able to 937 00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:12,960 come back and so we need to make sure 938 00:34:16,149 --> 00:34:14,480 they're ready to do that and so this 939 00:34:17,909 --> 00:34:16,159 10-year period has given our human 940 00:34:19,750 --> 00:34:17,919 research program 941 00:34:21,750 --> 00:34:19,760 a really good map 942 00:34:23,109 --> 00:34:21,760 um to get there safely and that's that's 943 00:34:24,950 --> 00:34:23,119 been critical and then the one-year 944 00:34:26,950 --> 00:34:24,960 missions coming up are really the the 945 00:34:29,589 --> 00:34:26,960 first first part of that 946 00:34:32,389 --> 00:34:29,599 um and as far as earth science goes just 947 00:34:34,470 --> 00:34:32,399 later this year we have a cloud aerosol 948 00:34:35,909 --> 00:34:34,480 mission launching cats that studies 949 00:34:38,230 --> 00:34:35,919 little particles in the atmosphere that 950 00:34:41,349 --> 00:34:38,240 have an effect on on weather and climate 951 00:34:42,869 --> 00:34:41,359 going up um and we just selected two new 952 00:34:45,510 --> 00:34:42,879 payloads in our science that will be 953 00:34:48,230 --> 00:34:45,520 going up over the next couple years to 954 00:34:49,270 --> 00:34:48,240 study again various aspects of of this 955 00:34:51,349 --> 00:34:49,280 planet 956 00:34:52,869 --> 00:34:51,359 in astrophysics not just the ice cream 957 00:34:54,950 --> 00:34:52,879 payload that sam mentioned that'll be 958 00:34:56,869 --> 00:34:54,960 going up 959 00:34:59,589 --> 00:34:56,879 but the continuation of measurements on 960 00:35:01,190 --> 00:34:59,599 ams the alpha magnetic spectrometer one 961 00:35:03,829 --> 00:35:01,200 of the issues with ams is we're trying 962 00:35:06,310 --> 00:35:03,839 to collect these high-energy particles 963 00:35:08,150 --> 00:35:06,320 and we really need time to go forward 964 00:35:10,870 --> 00:35:08,160 for them to really get at this question 965 00:35:12,870 --> 00:35:10,880 are we detecting evidence of dark matter 966 00:35:15,109 --> 00:35:12,880 we're not there yet we're seeing hints 967 00:35:18,790 --> 00:35:15,119 that that's what we're seeing 968 00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:18,800 but the time to collect the data for ams 969 00:35:22,310 --> 00:35:20,400 is really critical and i think it's 970 00:35:24,630 --> 00:35:22,320 really exciting we're not able to say 971 00:35:26,230 --> 00:35:24,640 definitively yes we've seen evidence of 972 00:35:28,150 --> 00:35:26,240 dark matter right 973 00:35:30,230 --> 00:35:28,160 right at this point in time all we can 974 00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:30,240 say is that we're seeing hints of it but 975 00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:32,640 ams is going to nail that down it's just 976 00:35:36,230 --> 00:35:34,079 going to take a couple more years of 977 00:35:39,109 --> 00:35:36,240 data collection so stay tuned on that 978 00:35:41,030 --> 00:35:39,119 one it's an amazing platform and we're 979 00:35:43,510 --> 00:35:41,040 really trying to utilize it the best we 980 00:35:45,829 --> 00:35:43,520 can over the time interval that we have 981 00:35:47,670 --> 00:35:45,839 and again our commercial cargo partners 982 00:35:49,349 --> 00:35:47,680 are really critical uh in that 983 00:35:51,990 --> 00:35:49,359 partnership going forward as well as 984 00:35:53,670 --> 00:35:52,000 cases our in our national lab partner 985 00:35:55,990 --> 00:35:53,680 and our international partners it's all 986 00:35:59,270 --> 00:35:56,000 about partnerships 987 00:36:00,870 --> 00:35:59,280 i think the gentleman in the yellow 988 00:36:02,870 --> 00:36:00,880 thanks stephen clark with space flight 989 00:36:04,069 --> 00:36:02,880 now for uh sam 990 00:36:06,230 --> 00:36:04,079 um 991 00:36:09,670 --> 00:36:06,240 when do you expect to release an rfp for 992 00:36:10,710 --> 00:36:09,680 the crs-2 contract and make awards 993 00:36:12,150 --> 00:36:10,720 and also 994 00:36:13,670 --> 00:36:12,160 what's your strategy for bridging the 995 00:36:16,630 --> 00:36:13,680 gap between the existing contract and 996 00:36:18,710 --> 00:36:16,640 crs-2 with extensions to the current 997 00:36:19,750 --> 00:36:18,720 providers and when do you expect to do 998 00:36:22,310 --> 00:36:19,760 that thanks 999 00:36:23,589 --> 00:36:22,320 i don't have particular dates 1000 00:36:24,870 --> 00:36:23,599 handy with me 1001 00:36:26,870 --> 00:36:24,880 but there are i can tell you what the 1002 00:36:28,950 --> 00:36:26,880 strategy is uh the strategy is to make 1003 00:36:32,710 --> 00:36:28,960 sure that we don't have a gap 1004 00:36:34,790 --> 00:36:32,720 in in between crs-1 and crs-2 so we have 1005 00:36:37,990 --> 00:36:34,800 um in the process of extending the 1006 00:36:42,390 --> 00:36:39,670 contracts that we have 1007 00:36:44,630 --> 00:36:42,400 to make sure that we do not have a gap 1008 00:36:46,710 --> 00:36:44,640 we're expecting uh 1009 00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:46,720 to be able to 1010 00:36:52,190 --> 00:36:50,400 bring online the our crs2 providers 1011 00:36:53,910 --> 00:36:52,200 sometime in the 1012 00:36:58,069 --> 00:36:53,920 2017-2018 1013 00:36:58,079 --> 00:37:03,910 uh james dean 1014 00:37:08,470 --> 00:37:06,310 uh thanks james d in florida today a few 1015 00:37:10,550 --> 00:37:08,480 questions if there's time but uh sam 1016 00:37:12,870 --> 00:37:10,560 first uh just wonder if you could expand 1017 00:37:14,630 --> 00:37:12,880 on the significance immediately if any 1018 00:37:17,190 --> 00:37:14,640 of the commercial crew 1019 00:37:19,190 --> 00:37:17,200 announcement uh in just giving you that 1020 00:37:21,990 --> 00:37:19,200 certainty now about who your providers 1021 00:37:23,750 --> 00:37:22,000 are going to be and how quickly does do 1022 00:37:25,589 --> 00:37:23,760 you kind of like integrate 1023 00:37:28,310 --> 00:37:25,599 iss into their 1024 00:37:30,230 --> 00:37:28,320 continued development process um is it 1025 00:37:31,030 --> 00:37:30,240 not until you get to like a test flight 1026 00:37:33,510 --> 00:37:31,040 uh 1027 00:37:35,030 --> 00:37:33,520 crude test flight point or or much 1028 00:37:36,630 --> 00:37:35,040 sooner than that uh what's been 1029 00:37:38,710 --> 00:37:36,640 happening actually the uh station 1030 00:37:40,870 --> 00:37:38,720 program has been integral actually to 1031 00:37:42,790 --> 00:37:40,880 all the development to date and and the 1032 00:37:44,550 --> 00:37:42,800 station program will be continued 1033 00:37:48,390 --> 00:37:44,560 through the uh through this contract 1034 00:37:50,790 --> 00:37:48,400 period uh through the certification uh 1035 00:37:52,550 --> 00:37:50,800 the purpose of of us going down the 1036 00:37:53,750 --> 00:37:52,560 commercial crew route is to get crew to 1037 00:37:56,950 --> 00:37:53,760 space station 1038 00:37:59,190 --> 00:37:56,960 and so station is a large part of of the 1039 00:38:01,349 --> 00:37:59,200 certification of getting there providing 1040 00:38:03,430 --> 00:38:01,359 a rescue service being on station you 1041 00:38:05,750 --> 00:38:03,440 know for six months or so and then 1042 00:38:08,950 --> 00:38:05,760 returning so a station is actually 1043 00:38:15,270 --> 00:38:08,960 integral to the certification of of 1044 00:38:20,310 --> 00:38:17,430 i was i wonder if you could explain how 1045 00:38:23,030 --> 00:38:20,320 adding a fourth crew member 1046 00:38:25,510 --> 00:38:23,040 apparently doubles the science output 1047 00:38:27,109 --> 00:38:25,520 you anticipate on station and if that is 1048 00:38:30,150 --> 00:38:27,119 in fact the case 1049 00:38:32,870 --> 00:38:30,160 why isn't there a lot more urgency to 1050 00:38:35,270 --> 00:38:32,880 enable that capability um 1051 00:38:36,310 --> 00:38:35,280 you know we've certainly heard it but 1052 00:38:38,470 --> 00:38:36,320 you know we hear more about sort of 1053 00:38:40,550 --> 00:38:38,480 restoring this capability to launch 1054 00:38:41,349 --> 00:38:40,560 astronauts and so forth but not much 1055 00:38:43,829 --> 00:38:41,359 about 1056 00:38:45,589 --> 00:38:43,839 how this goes let's get much more output 1057 00:38:48,150 --> 00:38:45,599 from productivity from the station it 1058 00:38:50,710 --> 00:38:48,160 was always intended to expand the the 1059 00:38:53,190 --> 00:38:50,720 crew size on space station to 1060 00:38:55,349 --> 00:38:53,200 the uh to a seventh crew member that was 1061 00:38:59,670 --> 00:38:55,359 always always the plan we have not had 1062 00:39:01,670 --> 00:38:59,680 the capability when we lost the ability 1063 00:39:03,910 --> 00:39:01,680 when the shuttle program ended to expand 1064 00:39:06,310 --> 00:39:03,920 the crew size for for for periods of 1065 00:39:11,030 --> 00:39:06,320 time uh we we had to rely on the on the 1066 00:39:12,390 --> 00:39:11,040 soyuz as you all are aware of so we are 1067 00:39:15,030 --> 00:39:12,400 we would have liked to have it much 1068 00:39:17,670 --> 00:39:15,040 earlier but we're happy to get it when 1069 00:39:19,190 --> 00:39:17,680 we do get it and that crew member an 1070 00:39:21,990 --> 00:39:19,200 additional crew member will be fully 1071 00:39:22,950 --> 00:39:22,000 subscribed how it doubles is basically 1072 00:39:24,470 --> 00:39:22,960 is that 1073 00:39:27,750 --> 00:39:24,480 we have 1074 00:39:30,950 --> 00:39:27,760 the equivalent of one work week of of 1075 00:39:32,230 --> 00:39:30,960 accrue time today 35 hours at least 35 1076 00:39:34,470 --> 00:39:32,240 hours of 1077 00:39:36,710 --> 00:39:34,480 utilization time this additional crew 1078 00:39:40,150 --> 00:39:36,720 member will dedicate event effectively 1079 00:39:43,190 --> 00:39:40,160 be able to double uh that amount of work 1080 00:39:45,109 --> 00:39:43,200 week time so that's basically how 1081 00:39:46,870 --> 00:39:45,119 we're doubling the other crew members 1082 00:39:48,069 --> 00:39:46,880 are are 1083 00:39:50,470 --> 00:39:48,079 you know there's a lot of time the crew 1084 00:39:52,150 --> 00:39:50,480 has to sleep uh they have to exercise 1085 00:39:54,550 --> 00:39:52,160 they have to eat 1086 00:39:56,390 --> 00:39:54,560 they have to be able to maintain the 1087 00:39:58,550 --> 00:39:56,400 space station in a healthy environment 1088 00:40:00,310 --> 00:39:58,560 so uh this dish this additional crew 1089 00:40:02,630 --> 00:40:00,320 member will um 1090 00:40:05,109 --> 00:40:02,640 be more free and not that this 1091 00:40:06,390 --> 00:40:05,119 particular person will do all he'll be 1092 00:40:08,470 --> 00:40:06,400 dedicated but 1093 00:40:10,390 --> 00:40:08,480 we've got to spread out the time uh more 1094 00:40:11,750 --> 00:40:10,400 evenly across the crew members and 1095 00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:11,760 obviously that's critical i mean some of 1096 00:40:15,829 --> 00:40:13,520 our experiments like rapid scat aren't 1097 00:40:17,750 --> 00:40:15,839 don't require human tending but other 1098 00:40:19,510 --> 00:40:17,760 experiments for example like the rodents 1099 00:40:22,069 --> 00:40:19,520 some of our plant experiments some of 1100 00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:22,079 our materials uh properties experiments 1101 00:40:26,069 --> 00:40:24,000 that we do they take a lot of crew time 1102 00:40:29,510 --> 00:40:26,079 and so being able to have 1103 00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:29,520 that extra 40 hours a week uh is is a 1104 00:40:34,069 --> 00:40:30,960 critical thing that we've sort of been 1105 00:40:36,390 --> 00:40:34,079 building in and so to get the commercial 1106 00:40:38,710 --> 00:40:36,400 crew announcement out this week and to 1107 00:40:40,470 --> 00:40:38,720 see us on that path is something the 1108 00:40:43,910 --> 00:40:40,480 research community is really excited 1109 00:40:47,910 --> 00:40:45,349 thanks evan last one jeff i don't know 1110 00:40:50,550 --> 00:40:47,920 if this might fall in your area 1111 00:40:52,870 --> 00:40:50,560 if spacex as i believe they are is doing 1112 00:40:55,589 --> 00:40:52,880 their booster flyback this this flight 1113 00:40:57,990 --> 00:40:55,599 um is nasa deploying any 1114 00:40:59,589 --> 00:40:58,000 uh assets to track the uh the booster i 1115 00:41:02,390 --> 00:40:59,599 think i believe that was part of a um 1116 00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:02,400 sort of mars related um 1117 00:41:05,589 --> 00:41:04,400 research on atmospheric re-entry and so 1118 00:41:09,109 --> 00:41:05,599 forth 1119 00:41:11,430 --> 00:41:09,119 right we have a effort in a topic called 1120 00:41:13,109 --> 00:41:11,440 supersonic retro propulsion 1121 00:41:14,790 --> 00:41:13,119 which is uh 1122 00:41:16,790 --> 00:41:14,800 would be a means of 1123 00:41:19,349 --> 00:41:16,800 slowing down vehicles descending to the 1124 00:41:21,910 --> 00:41:19,359 surface of mars 1125 00:41:24,790 --> 00:41:21,920 and it turns out that spacex in the 1126 00:41:27,430 --> 00:41:24,800 course of their own investigations 1127 00:41:30,150 --> 00:41:27,440 into flying back their boosters 1128 00:41:31,430 --> 00:41:30,160 and and bringing them to soft landing 1129 00:41:32,150 --> 00:41:31,440 for reuse 1130 00:41:33,109 --> 00:41:32,160 is 1131 00:41:35,750 --> 00:41:33,119 um 1132 00:41:37,589 --> 00:41:35,760 actually operating their engines in the 1133 00:41:40,230 --> 00:41:37,599 precise environment 1134 00:41:41,190 --> 00:41:40,240 uh in the flight regime in terms of mach 1135 00:41:43,990 --> 00:41:41,200 number 1136 00:41:46,710 --> 00:41:44,000 that we're interested in for supersonic 1137 00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:46,720 retropropulsion for mars and so nasa has 1138 00:41:52,309 --> 00:41:50,880 been engaged in the last few flights in 1139 00:41:55,109 --> 00:41:52,319 getting data 1140 00:41:58,309 --> 00:41:55,119 in supplementing what spacex is doing to 1141 00:42:01,030 --> 00:41:58,319 obtain data and then in um 1142 00:42:02,790 --> 00:42:01,040 with a agree under agreement with spacex 1143 00:42:04,950 --> 00:42:02,800 utilizing that data 1144 00:42:06,950 --> 00:42:04,960 um getting all the data that spacex 1145 00:42:09,589 --> 00:42:06,960 collects and and trying to 1146 00:42:11,349 --> 00:42:09,599 see if we need to do our own experiments 1147 00:42:13,270 --> 00:42:11,359 or if what they're doing is 1148 00:42:14,470 --> 00:42:13,280 is enough to give us the information we 1149 00:42:17,750 --> 00:42:14,480 need so 1150 00:42:19,670 --> 00:42:17,760 to to date it saved us a significant 1151 00:42:21,430 --> 00:42:19,680 development effort that we were getting 1152 00:42:23,670 --> 00:42:21,440 ready to undertake 1153 00:42:25,990 --> 00:42:23,680 once we realized that we could partner 1154 00:42:27,270 --> 00:42:26,000 with spacex and and utilize the data 1155 00:42:30,230 --> 00:42:27,280 sets that they're 1156 00:42:33,190 --> 00:42:30,240 uh obtaining and that we could 1157 00:42:35,349 --> 00:42:33,200 deploy some additional assets to help 1158 00:42:37,270 --> 00:42:35,359 collect additional data we jumped on 1159 00:42:39,829 --> 00:42:37,280 that and so again that's a great 1160 00:42:43,349 --> 00:42:39,839 partnership that allows us to 1161 00:42:43,359 --> 00:42:47,589 and without having to pay for it twice 1162 00:42:54,470 --> 00:42:51,430 irene thanks um irene klotz with reuters 1163 00:42:57,430 --> 00:42:54,480 um sam could you just explain what needs 1164 00:43:00,230 --> 00:42:57,440 to be uh flown if anything to the 1165 00:43:02,390 --> 00:43:00,240 station to accommodate a permanent 1166 00:43:04,870 --> 00:43:02,400 seventh crew member like a sleeping 1167 00:43:06,950 --> 00:43:04,880 birth or whatever and also um in the 1168 00:43:09,670 --> 00:43:06,960 boeing proposal at least includes a 1169 00:43:11,030 --> 00:43:09,680 fifth seat for a tourist or space flight 1170 00:43:12,710 --> 00:43:11,040 participant 1171 00:43:14,790 --> 00:43:12,720 how many people actually could be 1172 00:43:16,790 --> 00:43:14,800 accommodated on the station 1173 00:43:18,150 --> 00:43:16,800 that are not crew members 1174 00:43:21,109 --> 00:43:18,160 thanks 1175 00:43:24,230 --> 00:43:21,119 so we so the um 1176 00:43:25,670 --> 00:43:24,240 i'll answer the last question first 1177 00:43:27,670 --> 00:43:25,680 we have the capability for short periods 1178 00:43:30,950 --> 00:43:27,680 of time to accommodate additional crew 1179 00:43:32,710 --> 00:43:30,960 members on board the space station 1180 00:43:34,150 --> 00:43:32,720 if you remember during 1181 00:43:36,550 --> 00:43:34,160 shuttle times 1182 00:43:38,870 --> 00:43:36,560 we had quite a few extra crew members 1183 00:43:41,670 --> 00:43:38,880 aboard space station but the shuttle 1184 00:43:43,190 --> 00:43:41,680 brought uh with them uh their own food 1185 00:43:45,670 --> 00:43:43,200 their own water their own sleeping 1186 00:43:47,190 --> 00:43:45,680 station things of that nature uh with 1187 00:43:48,950 --> 00:43:47,200 the our commercial crew providers 1188 00:43:50,790 --> 00:43:48,960 they're basically bringing up the crew 1189 00:43:51,910 --> 00:43:50,800 themselves and maybe a small amount of 1190 00:43:53,109 --> 00:43:51,920 supplies 1191 00:43:56,630 --> 00:43:53,119 uh so 1192 00:43:59,990 --> 00:43:56,640 um uh to be able to accommodate you know 1193 00:44:02,790 --> 00:44:00,000 around a couple of weeks or so um 1194 00:44:04,470 --> 00:44:02,800 we'd have to do you know exact analysis 1195 00:44:06,470 --> 00:44:04,480 on you know how long they could actually 1196 00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:06,480 stay given the particular increment that 1197 00:44:11,349 --> 00:44:09,760 they're on we do something today called 1198 00:44:13,670 --> 00:44:11,359 direct handover 1199 00:44:15,349 --> 00:44:13,680 that also allows similar activities with 1200 00:44:17,430 --> 00:44:15,359 the soyuz 1201 00:44:19,430 --> 00:44:17,440 as far as what accommodations do we need 1202 00:44:20,790 --> 00:44:19,440 to uh to add additional crew members 1203 00:44:23,030 --> 00:44:20,800 obviously they 1204 00:44:25,510 --> 00:44:23,040 need food for them and their and their 1205 00:44:27,030 --> 00:44:25,520 toothpaste and their clothes uh 1206 00:44:28,790 --> 00:44:27,040 those kind those kind of things have 1207 00:44:30,069 --> 00:44:28,800 have to be accommodated uh we also have 1208 00:44:32,150 --> 00:44:30,079 to accommodate an additional sleep 1209 00:44:33,910 --> 00:44:32,160 station as well but it's just more of 1210 00:44:38,069 --> 00:44:33,920 the same there's nothing quite unique 1211 00:44:40,550 --> 00:44:39,670 other questions 1212 00:44:42,550 --> 00:44:40,560 ken 1213 00:44:44,390 --> 00:44:42,560 yeah i'd like to follow up i'd like to 1214 00:44:46,069 --> 00:44:44,400 actually follow up on this about the 1215 00:44:48,390 --> 00:44:46,079 extra crew member 1216 00:44:50,950 --> 00:44:48,400 so you would probably need would you 1217 00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:50,960 probably need then to bring up more 1218 00:44:55,270 --> 00:44:52,560 payload every year if you're going to 1219 00:44:57,430 --> 00:44:55,280 have a seventh crew member okay do you 1220 00:44:59,829 --> 00:44:57,440 need more crs you know flights from 1221 00:45:01,030 --> 00:44:59,839 orbital and spacex or whoever else um 1222 00:45:03,829 --> 00:45:01,040 you choose 1223 00:45:05,349 --> 00:45:03,839 yeah so our we expect our uh 1224 00:45:07,190 --> 00:45:05,359 requirements for 1225 00:45:09,670 --> 00:45:07,200 uh for for 1226 00:45:11,589 --> 00:45:09,680 the our commercial cargo providers to go 1227 00:45:13,109 --> 00:45:11,599 up in this in this timeframe yes and 1228 00:45:15,589 --> 00:45:13,119 part of it is 1229 00:45:17,109 --> 00:45:15,599 is the uh additional supplies needed for 1230 00:45:19,349 --> 00:45:17,119 for for the crew 1231 00:45:21,990 --> 00:45:19,359 it also is related to utilizing the 1232 00:45:23,990 --> 00:45:22,000 space station uh more in a more robust 1233 00:45:26,630 --> 00:45:24,000 way as well so we're expecting our 1234 00:45:28,950 --> 00:45:26,640 utilization requirements to also go up 1235 00:45:32,550 --> 00:45:28,960 in the same time period so it's a 1236 00:45:36,069 --> 00:45:32,560 combination of both 1237 00:45:38,150 --> 00:45:36,079 marcia marcia done associated press um 1238 00:45:39,910 --> 00:45:38,160 space station question 1239 00:45:41,430 --> 00:45:39,920 in that inspector general report it 1240 00:45:42,550 --> 00:45:41,440 mentioned how 1241 00:45:44,870 --> 00:45:42,560 cargo 1242 00:45:46,790 --> 00:45:44,880 with the absence of the japanese and 1243 00:45:48,309 --> 00:45:46,800 european cargo carriers is going to be 1244 00:45:50,630 --> 00:45:48,319 more of a crunch to get more things up 1245 00:45:51,910 --> 00:45:50,640 there obviously and i'm just wondering 1246 00:45:53,910 --> 00:45:51,920 um 1247 00:45:55,829 --> 00:45:53,920 why i know these decisions were made 1248 00:45:58,790 --> 00:45:55,839 long ago but why were the europeans and 1249 00:46:01,030 --> 00:45:58,800 the japanese limited to such 1250 00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:01,040 relatively a handful of resupply 1251 00:46:05,829 --> 00:46:02,960 missions why aren't they doing more in 1252 00:46:07,510 --> 00:46:05,839 that regard and um 1253 00:46:09,270 --> 00:46:07,520 how worried are you that you can get 1254 00:46:11,190 --> 00:46:09,280 enough up there to do all the science 1255 00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:11,200 and keep the seventh person and i mean 1256 00:46:15,190 --> 00:46:12,960 there's a lot going on as you mentioned 1257 00:46:16,470 --> 00:46:15,200 but that takes a lot of up mass yeah so 1258 00:46:19,589 --> 00:46:16,480 um our 1259 00:46:22,710 --> 00:46:19,599 go back to our original plans i'll 1260 00:46:25,030 --> 00:46:22,720 address the uh the european atv first uh 1261 00:46:29,030 --> 00:46:25,040 it was a decision uh that we made that 1262 00:46:30,950 --> 00:46:29,040 uh the atv was providing more propulsive 1263 00:46:33,030 --> 00:46:30,960 you know more 1264 00:46:36,150 --> 00:46:33,040 propulsion fuel 1265 00:46:38,870 --> 00:46:36,160 than cargo that we needed and it has 1266 00:46:41,190 --> 00:46:38,880 turned out that the russians are 1267 00:46:43,030 --> 00:46:41,200 supply via progress 1268 00:46:44,550 --> 00:46:43,040 supplies enough 1269 00:46:47,030 --> 00:46:44,560 fuel for the space station for a further 1270 00:46:48,950 --> 00:46:47,040 foreseeable future so it was a good 1271 00:46:52,069 --> 00:46:48,960 trade for nasa to go 1272 00:46:54,950 --> 00:46:52,079 and trade the value of the atv flights 1273 00:46:57,589 --> 00:46:54,960 to turn that into the service module 1274 00:46:58,870 --> 00:46:57,599 for the uh at least for the first orion 1275 00:47:01,589 --> 00:46:58,880 flight so that was a strategic 1276 00:47:03,829 --> 00:47:01,599 discussion uh we also knew that our our 1277 00:47:06,630 --> 00:47:03,839 commercial park partners would come on 1278 00:47:08,150 --> 00:47:06,640 online for uh the first crs contract so 1279 00:47:10,630 --> 00:47:08,160 we weren't concerned that we wouldn't be 1280 00:47:14,069 --> 00:47:10,640 able to make up the atv 1281 00:47:17,270 --> 00:47:14,079 capability as far as htv 1282 00:47:18,550 --> 00:47:17,280 we expect to continue htv flights 1283 00:47:20,150 --> 00:47:18,560 they're not 1284 00:47:22,309 --> 00:47:20,160 beyond our current set we're still in 1285 00:47:25,430 --> 00:47:22,319 negotiations with the japanese just to 1286 00:47:27,910 --> 00:47:25,440 supply uh cargo beyond the current set 1287 00:47:29,670 --> 00:47:27,920 so um we uh 1288 00:47:32,870 --> 00:47:29,680 so we're still in discussions with that 1289 00:47:34,790 --> 00:47:32,880 so the htv we don't do not expect us to 1290 00:47:37,349 --> 00:47:34,800 lose the htv 1291 00:47:39,030 --> 00:47:37,359 capability and again like i said earlier 1292 00:47:41,109 --> 00:47:39,040 our requirements are going to go up and 1293 00:47:43,109 --> 00:47:41,119 we expect our commercial uh cargo 1294 00:47:46,390 --> 00:47:43,119 providers to pick up that 1295 00:47:49,510 --> 00:47:48,150 uh yes this is james space flight 1296 00:47:51,910 --> 00:47:49,520 insider i just have a question about the 1297 00:47:53,109 --> 00:47:51,920 long duration mission um you know scott 1298 00:47:55,349 --> 00:47:53,119 kelly the american astronaut and the 1299 00:47:57,510 --> 00:47:55,359 russian cosmonaut um they're both uh 1300 00:47:59,910 --> 00:47:57,520 veteran astronauts 180 days around there 1301 00:48:01,750 --> 00:47:59,920 in space in their 50s uh why were they 1302 00:48:03,589 --> 00:48:01,760 selected uh to monitor the health 1303 00:48:05,990 --> 00:48:03,599 effects as opposed to like a reed 1304 00:48:07,510 --> 00:48:06,000 wiseman you know a younger astronaut 1305 00:48:09,670 --> 00:48:07,520 with like a clean slate when it comes to 1306 00:48:12,230 --> 00:48:09,680 his exposure and you know bone density 1307 00:48:13,190 --> 00:48:12,240 loss and all that 1308 00:48:15,829 --> 00:48:13,200 i don't know 1309 00:48:20,069 --> 00:48:15,839 okay i'll take a shot um i'm i'm not a 1310 00:48:25,109 --> 00:48:21,750 make that clear 1311 00:48:28,390 --> 00:48:25,119 uh for the uh for the one one year uh uh 1312 00:48:30,870 --> 00:48:28,400 crew duration uh there's a lot of um if 1313 00:48:32,309 --> 00:48:30,880 you will uh constraints a number of 1314 00:48:34,790 --> 00:48:32,319 hours in space 1315 00:48:36,549 --> 00:48:34,800 uh exposure to radiation 1316 00:48:38,470 --> 00:48:36,559 the right characteristics and you know 1317 00:48:41,589 --> 00:48:38,480 all those kinds of things that we had to 1318 00:48:44,390 --> 00:48:41,599 go through to select a uh a set of of 1319 00:48:46,069 --> 00:48:44,400 possible astronaut candidates 1320 00:48:47,589 --> 00:48:46,079 i personally do not know all the 1321 00:48:50,069 --> 00:48:47,599 specifics about 1322 00:48:50,950 --> 00:48:50,079 those those conditions 1323 00:48:52,870 --> 00:48:50,960 but 1324 00:48:54,950 --> 00:48:52,880 going through all those conditions we we 1325 00:48:57,349 --> 00:48:54,960 settled on the set that we have for our 1326 00:48:58,630 --> 00:48:57,359 first for our for our first uh one-year 1327 00:49:00,309 --> 00:48:58,640 work group 1328 00:49:01,670 --> 00:49:00,319 what we're doing is before we go off and 1329 00:49:02,549 --> 00:49:01,680 execute anymore we're going to learn 1330 00:49:04,069 --> 00:49:02,559 what 1331 00:49:06,150 --> 00:49:04,079 we don't know 1332 00:49:08,470 --> 00:49:06,160 and then we'll go far to see what's the 1333 00:49:09,670 --> 00:49:08,480 real effect of of a one year duration 1334 00:49:11,829 --> 00:49:09,680 and then we'll go 1335 00:49:16,710 --> 00:49:11,839 maybe modify our selection criteria 1336 00:49:19,750 --> 00:49:18,150 you know like someone that doesn't have 1337 00:49:20,950 --> 00:49:19,760 in the future for another mission like a 1338 00:49:23,510 --> 00:49:20,960 clean slate 1339 00:49:25,510 --> 00:49:23,520 again we'll we'll we'll we'll learn from 1340 00:49:27,430 --> 00:49:25,520 from from this mission and then we'll uh 1341 00:49:29,670 --> 00:49:27,440 you know just as as necessary to get a 1342 00:49:35,589 --> 00:49:29,680 more broader uh 1343 00:49:37,670 --> 00:49:35,599 space and and and 1344 00:49:39,670 --> 00:49:37,680 of astronauts and we can certainly get 1345 00:49:41,829 --> 00:49:39,680 you additional information about that 1346 00:49:44,069 --> 00:49:41,839 and i think one of the cool slash unique 1347 00:49:46,470 --> 00:49:44,079 things about this is that scott's also a 1348 00:49:47,670 --> 00:49:46,480 twin so we have a number of twin studies 1349 00:49:50,150 --> 00:49:47,680 that are 1350 00:49:52,309 --> 00:49:50,160 being conducted in addition to just the 1351 00:49:53,990 --> 00:49:52,319 one year mission um i think that's all 1352 00:49:55,829 --> 00:49:54,000 the time we have for today so we'll wrap 1353 00:49:57,829 --> 00:49:55,839 up thank you all for your questions and 1354 00:49:59,349 --> 00:49:57,839 for joining us and thank you on our 1355 00:50:01,510 --> 00:49:59,359 panel for enlightening us about the 1356 00:50:04,069 --> 00:50:01,520 collaborations among your directorates 1357 00:50:05,910 --> 00:50:04,079 as well as the exciting missions to come 1358 00:50:07,190 --> 00:50:05,920 of course you can follow all the regular 1359 00:50:09,910 --> 00:50:07,200 news about 1360 00:50:10,950 --> 00:50:09,920 nasa as it continues to explore our 1361 00:50:12,630 --> 00:50:10,960 planet and 1362 00:50:17,349 --> 00:50:12,640 go farther out into the solar system on 1363 00:50:23,990 --> 00:50:19,589 for all the news related to tonight's 1364 00:50:29,030 --> 00:50:26,950 spacex and stay tuned to nasa tv coming 1365 00:50:31,510 --> 00:50:29,040 up at 10 a.m eastern we have a 1366 00:50:33,589 --> 00:50:31,520 pre-launch briefing to update the status 1367 00:50:37,270 --> 00:50:33,599 on preparations for the launch which is